![]() For example, a police officer who is looking for physical signs of lying might mistakenly classify other behaviors as evidence of lying. This bias is based on looking for or overvaluing information that confirms our beliefs or expectations (Edgar & Edgar, 2016 Nickerson, 1998). Here are a few examples of some of the more common ones. There are numerous examples of cognitive biases, and the list keeps growing. If you decide to rely on the Cognitive Bias Codex, then keep in mind the distinction between heuristics and biases mentioned above. The Cognitive Bias Codex is a handy visual tool that organizes biases in a meaningful way however, it is worth pointing out that the codex lists heuristics and biases both as ‘biases.’ Each quadrant is dedicated to a specific group of cognitive biases:īiases that affect our memory for people, events, and informationīiases that affect how we perceive certain events and peopleīiases that we use when we have too little information and need to fill in the gaps The biases are arranged in a circle and can be divided into four quadrants. “ Heuristics are the ‘shortcuts ’ that humans use to reduce task complexity in judgment and choice, and biases are the resulting gaps between normative behavior and the heuristically determined behavior.”Īccording to the Cognitive Bias Codex, there are an estimated 180 cognitive biases (this list is frequently updated.)Ĭreated by John Manoogian III and Buster Benson, this codex is a useful tool for visually representing all of the known biases that exist to date. 251) also described the difference between the two terms: “ … cognitive biases that stem from the reliance on judgmental heuristics.” 1130) define the relationship between biases and heuristics as follows: “ a simple procedure that helps find adequate, though often imperfect, answers to difficult questions.” In his book, Thinking, Fast and Slow, Professor Daniel Kahneman (2011, p. Sometimes these two terms are used interchangeably, as though they are synonyms however, their relationship is nuanced. When considering the term ‘ cognitive biases,’ it’s important to note that there is overlap between cognitive biases and heuristics.
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